Smooth hypersurfaces: the Euler characteristic as a binomial tail, its parity, the Kodaira trichotomy, and the Noether–Lefschetz window as the sequence A005581

lax-894236·formalized by Joel Cruz Cabrera @joelcanary·registered·created ·GitHub @be3fe13·Lean v4.33.0 epoch · mathlib db584cd6d46c

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    Abstract

    For a smooth hypersurface XdnPn+1X_d^n \subset \mathbb{P}^{n+1} of degree dd and dimension nn, the classical formulas of Hirzebruch and Griffiths give the Euler characteristic χ(Xdn)=((1d)n+21)/d+(n+2)\chi(X_d^n) = ((1-d)^{n+2} - 1)/d + (n+2) and the geometric genus hn,0=(d1n+1)h^{n,0} = \binom{d-1}{n+1}. This submission takes these formulas as its starting point and proves the arithmetic facts that sit on top of them, for every degree and not only for tabulated values.

    The Euler characteristic polynomial is the binomial tail k2(n+2k)(d)k\sum_{k\ge 2}\binom{n+2}{k}(-d)^k, which is why it has no constant or linear term. In every odd dimension χ\chi is even for every degree, the parity fact that makes the mirror-symmetry expression h2,1=b3/2h3,0h^{2,1} = b_3/2 - h^{3,0} of a threefold an integer; for surfaces in P3\mathbb{P}^3, h1,1=2d332d2+7d3h^{1,1} = \tfrac{2d^3}{3} - 2d^2 + \tfrac{7d}{3} is an integer and the three Hodge formulas satisfy the Betti relation χ=2+2h2,0+h1,1\chi = 2 + 2h^{2,0} + h^{1,1} identically. The Kodaira trichotomy of hypersurfaces (Fano, Calabi–Yau, general type) is the statement that (d1n+1)\binom{d-1}{n+1} is 00, 11, or at least 22 according to dn+1d \le n+1, d=n+2d = n+2, dn+3d \ge n+3; the genus–degree formula is the case n=1n = 1.

    For surfaces in P3\mathbb{P}^3 the Green–Voisin lower bound d3d-3 on the codimension of Noether–Lefschetz components is compared with the upper bound pgp_g: the two meet exactly for d=3,4d = 3, 4, and their difference is the OEIS sequence A005581 evaluated at d3d-3, an identity first observed numerically and proved here for every dd. Finally, the arithmetic obstruction behind the fact that a linear subspace PmXd2m\mathbb{P}^m \subset X_d^{2m} is never a rational multiple of the hyperplane class hmh^m for d2d \ge 2 is isolated: no rational cc has cd=1c\,d = 1 with c2dc^2 d an integer.

    The geometric inputs (Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch, Griffiths' Hodge numbers, the Green–Voisin bound, the intersection numbers Lhm=1L\cdot h^m = 1 and hmhm=dh^m \cdot h^m = d) are cited, not formalized; every statement here is about the resulting polynomials and binomial coefficients.

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    Cite this

    This is only the formalizers. The authors of the formalized results may be different (see References).

    @misc{lax-894236,
      author = {Joel Cruz Cabrera},
      title = {Smooth hypersurfaces: the Euler characteristic as a binomial tail, its parity, the Kodaira trichotomy, and the Noether–Lefschetz window as the sequence A005581},
      year = {2026},
      howpublished = {Lax Archive, lax-894236},
      url = {https://laxarchive.org/lax-894236/},
    }

    References

    1. Joel Cruz Cabrera. The Noether–Lefschetz window of surfaces in P^3 is the sequence A005581. Zenodo, 2026. doi:10.5281/zenodo.21535860
    2. OEIS Foundation Inc.. Entry A005581 in The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. https://oeis.org/A005581, 2026.
    3. Phillip A. Griffiths. On the periods of certain rational integrals: I, II. Annals of Mathematics 90:460–541, 1969.
    4. Mark L. Green. A new proof of the explicit Noether–Lefschetz theorem. Journal of Differential Geometry 27:155–159, 1988.

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