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First-Order Model Checking on Nowhere Dense Graph Classes in Almost Linear Time

lax-3·formalized by Jan Dreier·Claude Fable 5 (Anthropic)·created 2026-08-02·GitHub @3dc030d·Lean v4.30.0 epoch · mathlib c5ea00351c28

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    Abstract

    First-order model checking is fixed-parameter tractable on nowhere dense graph classes (Grohe–Kreutzer–Siebertz, JACM 2017). This submission states that theorem as a running-time claim on the word RAM of The Word RAM (Lax67): for every nowhere dense class C, every first-order sentence φ and every ε > 0 there is one program that decides φ on every member of C, given in compressed sparse row form as a word x, within c · (|x| + 1)^(1+ε) steps.

    The route is not the original proof. The logic engine is the rank-preserving locality theorem of Dreier–Toruńczyk (arXiv 2606.23180), a purely syntactic rewriting; around it the algorithm is rebuilt from an isolation-form splitter game and sparse neighborhood covers obtained from weak coloring orderings. The combinatorial hypotheses — nowhere denseness, uniform quasi-wideness, subpolynomial weak coloring numbers — are consumed from Sparsity Lectures (Lax12); the machine model and timed computation from The Word RAM (Lax67) and its refinement framework (Lax62); graph encodings from Algorithmic Experiments on a Random Access Machine (Lax11).

    The concept surface has eleven review units: colored graphs and their walk distance, first-order logic and the distance logic with its rank measure, scatter sentences, the isolation splitter game, sparse neighborhood covers, and five theorems. The proof package discharges four of them — the locality theorem and its normal form, the neighborhood-cover bound, and Splitter's win on nowhere dense classes, the last assuming uniform quasi-wideness from Lax12. The model-checking theorem itself is the open obligation of this draft.

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    Cite this

    @misc{lax-3,
      author = {Jan Dreier and Claude Fable 5 (Anthropic)},
      title = {First-Order Model Checking on Nowhere Dense Graph Classes in Almost Linear Time},
      year = {2026},
      howpublished = {Lax Archive, lax-3},
      url = {https://laxarchive.org/lax-3/},
      note = {draft},
    }

    References

    1. Martin Grohe, Stephan Kreutzer and Sebastian Siebertz. Deciding First-Order Properties of Nowhere Dense Graphs. Journal of the ACM 64(3):17:1–17:32, 2017. Cited by the section numbering of the arXiv version, arXiv:1311.3899. doi:10.1145/3051095
    2. Jan Dreier and Szymon Toruńczyk. A Rank-Preserving Locality Theorem. 2026. arXiv:2606.23180
    3. Michał Pilipczuk and Sebastian Siebertz. Sparsity — lecture notes for the course ``Sparsity''. 2020. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics. Cited by the numbering of the winter term 2019/20 edition; Chapter 4 compiled 2019-12-12. mimuw.edu.pl/~mp248287/sparsity2

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