Graph Representations
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Simple graphs occur in several formally distinct guises. This submission establishes precise bridges from to five of them: symmetric loopless digraphs, simple loopless multigraphs, spanning 2-uniform hypergraphs, 2-uniform edge set systems, and vertex-indexed neighborhood set systems.
For digraphs, hypergraphs, edge set systems, and neighborhood set systems the comparison is an equivalence of the corresponding types. A simple multigraph is compared with a simple graph up to simultaneous vertex and edge isomorphism, because keeps ambient vertex and edge types. Looplessness of the hypergraph and edge-set-system representations is derived from 2-uniformity rather than recorded as redundant data.
Neighborhood systems retain their vertex indexing: the neighborhood assigned to is exactly the set of vertices adjacent to . This indexing is what makes the construction invertible even when two vertices have the same open neighborhood.
Together these results make the representation choice modular: a statement may be proved in the graph language best suited to it and transported across the appropriate equivalence or isomorphism, subject only to the usual isomorphism-invariance requirement in the multigraph case.
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Proofs
Proof networkview on GitHub
Proof list
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Lax683916Proofs.MultigraphRepresentation.exists_simpleGraph_representation -
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Lax683916Proofs.NeighborhoodSetSystemRepresentation.simpleGraphEquiv -
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Lax683916Proofs.SimpleGraphMultigraphRepresentation.exists_multigraph_representation
Lean sources for these proofs: proofs/ on GitHub
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This is only the formalizers. The authors of the formalized results may be different (see References).
@misc{lax-683916,
author = {Clemens Kuske and Codex (OpenAI)},
title = {Graph Representations},
year = {2026},
howpublished = {Lax Archive, lax-683916},
url = {https://laxarchive.org/lax-683916/},
}
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