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Slow spaces on a separable Banach space need not be measurable

Lax606786.SlowSpaceNonmeasurability · concepts/Lax606786/SlowSpaceNonmeasurability.lean · lax-606786

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    Natural Language Statement

    Theorem

    Let Ω={±1}Z\Omega = \{\pm1\}^{\mathbb{Z}} with its product σ\sigma-algebra, and let X=ℓ1(Z)X = \ell^1(\mathbb{Z}). For ω∈Ω\omega \in \Omega let

    φω(x)=∑i∈Zωixi,Vω=ker⁡φω={x∈X:φω(x)=0}.\varphi_\omega(x) = \sum_{i \in \mathbb{Z}} \omega_i x_i, \qquad V_\omega = \ker \varphi_\omega = \{x \in X : \varphi_\omega(x) = 0\}.

    Then XX is separable and every VωV_\omega belongs to the Grassmannian GX\mathcal{G} X, but there is no measurable map W:Ω→GXW : \Omega \to \mathcal{G} X with W(ω)=VωW(\omega) = V_\omega for every ω∈Ω\omega \in \Omega.

    Over the shift σ(ω)n=ωn+1\sigma(\omega)_n = \omega_{n+1} with the Bernoulli measure, the operators Lωx=φω(x) e0\mathcal{L}_\omega x = \varphi_\omega(x)\, e_0 form a cocycle of rank one with λ1=0\lambda_1 = 0, fast space E1(ω)=span⁡{e0}E_1(\omega) = \operatorname{span}\{e_0\} and slow space VωV_\omega; so separability of XX alone does not make the slow spaces measurable. This example is due to J. A. Horan (PhD thesis, University of Victoria, 2020). The argument: distinct VωV_\omega are at distance at least 11 in GX\mathcal{G} X and Vω=V−ωV_\omega = V_{-\omega}, so a measurable WW would make every set S=−SS = -S measurable, while there are more such sets than measurable ones.

    In Lean a sign ωi∈{±1}\omega_i \in \{\pm1\} is coded by a boolean, truetrue for +1+1.

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    In the paper

    • page 18 of this submission's paper

    Lean source view on GitLab

    1import Lax606786.Grassmannian
    2import Mathlib.Analysis.Normed.Lp.lpSpace
    3import Mathlib.MeasureTheory.MeasurableSpace.Pi
    4
    5/-!
    6---
    7title: Slow spaces on a separable Banach space need not be measurable
    8type: theorem
    9---
    10Let Ω={±1}Z\Omega = \{\pm1\}^{\mathbb{Z}} with its product σ\sigma-algebra, and let
    11X=ℓ1(Z)X = \ell^1(\mathbb{Z}). For ω∈Ω\omega \in \Omega let
    12φω(x)=∑i∈Zωixi,Vω=ker⁡φω={x∈X:φω(x)=0}.\varphi_\omega(x) = \sum_{i \in \mathbb{Z}} \omega_i x_i, \qquad V_\omega = \ker \varphi_\omega = \{x \in X : \varphi_\omega(x) = 0\}.
    13
    14Then XX is separable and every VωV_\omega belongs to the Grassmannian GX\mathcal{G} X, but there
    15is no measurable map W:Ω→GXW : \Omega \to \mathcal{G} X with W(ω)=VωW(\omega) = V_\omega for every
    16ω∈Ω\omega \in \Omega.
    17
    18Over the shift σ(ω)n=ωn+1\sigma(\omega)_n = \omega_{n+1} with the Bernoulli measure, the operators
    19Lωx=φω(x) e0\mathcal{L}_\omega x = \varphi_\omega(x)\, e_0 form a cocycle of rank one with
    20λ1=0\lambda_1 = 0, fast space E1(ω)=span⁡{e0}E_1(\omega) = \operatorname{span}\{e_0\} and slow space
    21VωV_\omega; so separability of XX alone does not make the slow spaces measurable. This
    22example is due to J. A. Horan (PhD thesis, University of Victoria, 2020). The
    23argument: distinct VωV_\omega are at distance at least 11 in GX\mathcal{G} X and
    24Vω=V−ωV_\omega = V_{-\omega}, so a measurable WW would make every set S=−SS = -S measurable, while
    25there are more such sets than measurable ones.
    26
    27In Lean a sign ωi∈{±1}\omega_i \in \{\pm1\} is coded by a boolean, `true` for +1+1.
    28-/
    29
    30namespace Lax606786.SlowSpaceNonmeasurability
    31
    32open TopologicalSpace
    33open Lax606786.Grassmannian
    34
    35/-- `ω_i ∈ {±1}`, coded by `true ↦ 1` and `false ↦ -1`. -/
    36def sign (ω : ℤ → Bool) (i : ℤ) : ℝ := if ω i then 1 else -1
    37
    38/-- `V_ω = {x ∈ ℓ¹(ℤ) : Σᵢ ωᵢ xᵢ = 0}`. -/
    39def slowSpace (ω : ℤ → Bool) : Set (lp (fun _ : ℤ => ℝ) 1) :=
    40 {x | ∑' i, sign ω i * x i = 0}
    41
    42/-- `ℓ¹(ℤ)` is separable and each `V_ω` lies in `𝒢X`, but no measurable map `Ω → 𝒢X` takes the
    43value `V_ω` at every `ω`. -/
    44axiom slowSpace_not_measurable :
    45 SeparableSpace (lp (fun _ : ℤ => ℝ) 1) ∧
    46 (∃ W : (ℤ → Bool) → Grassmannian (lp (fun _ : ℤ => ℝ) 1),
    47 ∀ ω, ((W ω).1 : Set (lp (fun _ : ℤ => ℝ) 1)) = slowSpace ω) ∧
    48 ¬ ∃ W : (ℤ → Bool) → Grassmannian (lp (fun _ : ℤ => ℝ) 1),
    49 Measurable W ∧ ∀ ω, ((W ω).1 : Set (lp (fun _ : ℤ => ℝ) 1)) = slowSpace ω
    50
    51end Lax606786.SlowSpaceNonmeasurability
    52
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